Effects Produced by Varying Types of Drying on Starch Coated Paper Properties and Binder Migration

The major concern of this report is binder migration and the factors which play a major role contributing to its presence. The major factors studied were coatings using varied drying methods, adhesive levels, % solids and types of starches. Results obtained show that to obtain minimal migration coatings should be dried evenly throughout using infrared sources of heat. Coating with different adhesive levels will vary optical and strength properties. Binder migration is more evident when using lower adhesive levels. Coating at different % solids did not have any real significant effect in this study due to a very short span in the percentages used. The major conclusion reached with using various types of Penford Gums is that of viscosity. The higher the viscosity the less overall migration taking place in the coating

Displacing Unpredictable Nulls in Antenna Radiation Patterns

A method of maintaining radio communication despite the emergence of unpredictable fades and nulls in the radiation pattern of an antenna has been proposed. The method was originally intended to be applied in the design and operation of a radio antenna aboard a robotic exploratory vehicle on a remote planet during communication with a spacecraft in orbit around the planet. The method could also be applied in similar terrestrial situations for example, radio communication between two ground vehicles or between a ground vehicle and an aircraft or spacecraft. The method is conceptually simple, is readily adaptable to diverse situations, and can be implemented without adding greatly to the weight, cost, power demand, or complexity of a system to which it may be applied. The unpredictable fades and nulls in an antenna radiation pattern arise because of electromagnetic interactions between the antenna and other objects within the near field of the antenna (basically, objects within a distance of a few wavelengths). These objects can include general vehicle components, masts, robotic arms, other antennas, the ground, and nearby terrain features. Figure 1 presents representative plots of signal strength versus time during a typical pass of a spacecraft or aircraft through the far field of such an antenna, showing typical nulls and fades caused by nearby objects. The traditional approach to ensuring reliability of communication in the presence of deep fades calls for increasing the effective transmitter power and/or reducing the receiver noise figure at the affected ground vehicle, possibly in combination with appropriate redesign of the equipment at the spacecraft or aircraft end of the communication link. These solutions can be expensive and/or risky and, depending on the application, can add significantly to weight, cost, and power demand. The proposed method entails none of these disadvantages

Factors affecting pesticide drift

Minimizing potential drift is a primary responsibility for every applicator. Despite conscientious efforts, about one to three applications per Iowa county each year result in drift complaints investigated by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/extension_ag_pubs/1174/thumbnail.jp

On the interpretation of Michelson-Morley experiments

Recent proposals for improved optical tests of Special Relativity have renewed interest in the interpretation of such tests. In this paper we discuss the interpretation of modern realizations of the Michelson-Morley experiment in the context of a new model of electrodynamics featuring a vector-valued photon mass. This model is gauge invariant, unlike massive-photon theories based on the Proca equation, and it predicts anisotropy of both the speed of light and the electric field of a point charge. The latter leads to an orientation dependence of the length of solid bodies which must be accounted for when interpreting the results of a Michelson-Morley experiment. Using a simple model of ionic solids we show that, in principle, the effect of orientation dependent length can conspire to cancel the effect of an anisotropic speed of light in a Michelson-Morley experiment, thus, complicating the interpretation of the results.Comment: To appear in Phys.Lett.